Every time conservatives win elections and begin to govern effectively, or simply push back against authoritarian manifestations of wokeness, the loudest voices on the Left evoke the specter of fascism. One side effect of this is that books like George Orwell’s 1984 or Hannah Arendt’s The Origins of Totalitarianism momentarily become best sellers again. It is simply assumed that both authors took aim at “fascism” broadly defined and never saw any enemies on the Left. These subtle books, which belong to neither the Left nor the Right but to the larger cause of liberty and human dignity, are thus instrumentalized for authoritarian “anti-fascist” purposes. 

In no way is this a new phenomenon. Walter Cronkite, the longtime CBS news anchor and “the most trusted man in America” in a bygone age, wrote an introduction to an earlier edition of 1984 in which he suggested that the totalitarian nightmare sketched in that powerful and profound book eerily anticipated…Richard Nixon and Watergate. Last year, Anne Applebaum, who once wrote with erudition and gusto about the crimes of Communism, penned an introduction to a new paperback edition of The Origins of Totalitarianism in which she did not mention Communism once and identified Vladimir Putin’s authoritarian rule in Russia with full-scale totalitarianism. Examples of the systematic abuse of these anti-totalitarian classics could be multiplied. 

However, Arendt herself was a political thinker very difficult to pigeonhole. She was a German Jew who despised National Socialism, yet she defended her teacher (and sometime lover) Martin Heidegger against the charge that his apologetics for the same had discredited him philosophically. She worked indefatigably to aid Jewish refugees and displaced persons both before and after the Second World War, yet she was far from a wholehearted Zionist. She honorably resisted the totalitarian temptation in its Communist form, but had an unreasonable distrust of ex-Communists such as Whittaker Chambers who had borne heroic witness to Communism’s crimes.