Birthright Citizenship? I Think It's An Open Question

On his first day in office in his second term, January 20, 2025, President Trump issued a collection of Executive Orders.  One of those was number 14160, titled “Protecting the Meaning and Value of American Citizenship.”  EO 14160 seeks to do away with the long-standing practice of various U.S. agencies of recognizing U.S. citizenship of anyone born in the United States, even if that person’s parents were not legal residents or otherwise legally in the country at the time of the birth.  From EO 14160:

It is the policy of the United States that no department or agency of the United States government shall issue documents recognizing United States citizenship, or accept documents issued by State, local, or other governments or authorities purporting to recognize United States citizenship, to persons: (1) when that person's mother was unlawfully present in the United States and the person's father was not a United States citizen or lawful permanent resident at the time of said person's birth, or (2) when that person's mother's presence in the United States was lawful but temporary, and the person's father was not a United States citizen or lawful permanent resident at the time of said person's birth.  

Following issuance of EO 14160, multiple lawsuits were brought in courts around the country seeking injunctions to compel the government to recognize the citizenship of various individuals born here to illegal aliens.  Several courts promptly issued injunctions blocking Trump’s Order, all of them on a nationwide basis as far as I can determine.  In June, three of those cases, consolidated under the name Trump v. CASA, came before the Supreme Court on the question of whether a District Court could issue a nationwide injunction to block the Order everywhere.  The Supreme Court invalidated the nationwide aspect of the injunctions.  However, the Court did not consider the merits of whether President and executive agencies could refuse to recognize citizenship of children born here to illegal aliens.

But now there are petitions before the Supreme Court asking it to consider this question of so-called “birthright” citizenship on the merits.  The Court is widely expected to take up the issue in its current term.  So, what is the right answer?

In terms of relevant legal text, it all comes down to a few words from Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment:

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the ju