As for manufacturing, it may be difficult to immediately discern when there are severe supply shortages, but the world has actually rapidly built up manufacturing capacity during COVID-19. Waiving intellectual property has been talked about a lot as a potential solution for boosting production. But the growth we have seen in the past year has been achieved through technology transfers, where both the intellectual property and the vital know-how needed to make vaccines is shared between manufacturers. However, we need to do more. Given the extremely large number of doses needed during a pandemic, export bans of vaccines and essential components and supply bottlenecks have led to a vaccine divide. Currently, more than a third of adults in high-income countries have now been vaccinated, while less than 1% of those in low-income countries have had their first jab. To prevent this kind of scenario from happening the next time round and ensure that those most at risk are prioritized wherever they are, it is not distribution channels we are lacking, but global manufacturing capacity. We already have highly effective distribution channels, through COVAX and its partners, and we already have access to doses, enough to protect 1.8 billion people in lower-income economies by early next year, enough to protect almost 30% of people in these countries. But through investments now to increase global manufacturing capacity, particularly in emerging economies, and support of technology transfers, the next time a pandemic strikes we can get there sooner.