The United States of America is a federal republic: a federation of states governed by written constitutions,” wrote Russell Kirk. The Constitution created a republican form of government. A foundational aspect of our system is representative government. “Representative government, or what we call the republican tradition, is the bedrock of American constitutionalism,” noted James McClellan.
A republican form of government, as designed by the Founders, meant that sovereignty resided with the people who elected representatives. Further, the Founders designed a republican system based on the constitutional principles, which included limited government, checks and balances, separation of powers, federalism, rule of law, among others.
The Framers understood political theory and systems, and the idea of a democracy was rejected. Democracy was associated with “mob rule,” which was fresh in the minds of the Framers with Shays’ Rebellion.
They also understood human nature and that humanity was fallen. As James Madison wrote in Federalist 51:
But what is government itself but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: You must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place, oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is no doubt the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions.
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