A stroll down the pasta aisle at your local supermarket presents you with a panoply of pasta shapes: tubular penne, corkscrew-shaped cavatappi, ruffled radiatori. They’re so familiar and classic they feel like they’ve always been around, yet most of them owe their existence to technological innovations from the 1800s that have made them commonplace today. 

The mechanization of long pastas like spaghetti and vermicelli began in the late 16th century, but up until the 19th century, short pasta shapes were cut and shaped exclusively by hand, traditionally by women. The short pastas we find at the grocery store today only appeared at the end of the 19th century, when new types of dies (the perforated plates through which pasta shapes are extruded) capable of producing intricate shapes were invented. 

The use of these bronze and nickel dies, resistant to corrosion from the moisture in the dough, resulted in around 800 redesigned or brand-new pasta shapes, some of which, like penne, have become iconic. Around the same time, the introduction of mechanical indoor drying shortened the drying period for pastas from months (during the Middle Ages) to hours, making the large-scale production of short pastas possible.