And like its more successful predecessor in 1876, the failed insurrection of 2021was an attempt to erect a herrenvolk democracy that would limit political equality to a select group of individuals. For example, Senator Josh Hawley (R-MO)—who was photographed raising his fist to the gathering mob just hours before it stormed the US Capitol—justified his vote with Ted Cruz against certification saying, “It is the right of the people to be heard, and my constituents in Missouri want to be heard on this issue.” His words echo those of Hamburg massacre fomenter and future South Carolina Senator Matthew Butler in 1876, who said he represented a group of “men who have the right to know and be heard….There is always a moral power with that class of people which entitles them to respect.”5 Of course, the reality is that in both cases the people had been heard; Hawley and Butler simply did not like what the people had decided, and so attempted to more narrowly define “the people” as those with whom they agreed. While the language—being “heard”—is anodyne, both Senators and their supporters were unhappy with the democratic outcomes of the ordinary political process and were thus willing to entertain extraordinary (and ultimately violent) strategies to swing the political process in their favor. And just as Matthew Butler once attempted to dodge responsibility for the violent actions of his red shirt supporters who were just seeking to “be heard,” Hawley acknowledged no responsibility for the red hat mob that had stormed the US capitol seeking to “be heard.”