No one provided evidence that reinstating a citizenship question on the decennial census would materially decrease response rates among those who generally distrusted government and government information collection efforts, disliked the current administration, or feared law enforcement.

Several stakeholders who opposed reinstatement of the citizenship question did not appreciate that the question had been asked in some form or another for nearly 200 years. Other stakeholders who opposed reinstatement did so based on the assumption that the data on citizenship that the Census Bureau collects through the American Community Survey are accurate, thereby obviating the need to ask the question on the decennial census.