For some voters, the week of hardship — they could only withdraw 60 euros, or about $67, a day from A.T.M.’s and already some pharmacists were refusing to fill prescriptions — had only strengthened their sense that Greece needed to stand up for itself.

After five years in which unemployment skyrocketed and the country’s economy collapsed by 25 percent, many said that a no vote was at least a vote for hope, the possibility of a new deal, rather than following the mandates of creditors who had failed to set Greece on course to recovery.

For others, the hardship only proved that Greece, like it or not, was in the hands of its creditors and could do little but take whatever terms were being offered. In many cases, they blamed Mr. Tsipras’s young government for having returned the country to recession when it had shown small signs of recovery just before the January elections.

At a polling place near the archaeological museum in Athens turnout was low, poll workers said. And people coming out of the voting booths seemed split.