Two political parties that take a harder line on Palestinians than Mr. Netanyahu’s Likud faction saw an upswing in support in a new poll published Friday in the Israeli daily Maariv. The survey also found 58% of Israeli Jews believe it was a mistake for the government to accept an open-ended cease-fire with Hamas this week, while 61% don’t think the prime minister achieved his goal of prolonged quiet.

“I think that there is a general atmosphere of disappointment after 50 days of war, 72 victims, billions of shekels lost, we are back at square one,” said Likud parliament member Danny Danon, a leading critic who Mr. Netanyahu fired as deputy defense minister early on in the conflict. “You cannot ignore the fact that it’s problematic.”

Mr. Danon has called for a meeting of Likud’s central committee within two weeks to discuss the results of the Gaza conflict and he predicted that the prime minister will face stiff criticism over his handling of it.

Mr. Netanyahu’s governing coalition, formed after elections in 2013, has always been potentially unstable because of ideological disputes between the main partners.